ASSIMILATION OF KANDAS IN KAZAKHSTAN: FEATURES IN THE MANGYSTAU REGION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54251/2708-0897.2025.15.25qazKeywords:
repatriation, kandas, migration policy, social adaptation, Kazakhstan, national identityAbstract
The article examines the repatriation process of ethnic Kazakhs to Kazakhstan since
gaining independence in 1991. It analyzes the stages of repatriation, state policies in this area, and the
socio-economic adaptation of the kandas (repatriates). Special attention is given to employment issues,
housing conditions, and the integration of repatriates into society. The study provides recommendations for
improving state policies towards repatriates, including expanding educational programs, supporting small
and medium-sized businesses, and developing infrastructure. The repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs has
become not only a demographic, but also a symbolic process, emphasizing Kazakhstan's desire to restore
historical justice. Government support, including the provision of housing, social benefits and employment
assistance, contributed to the successful adaptation of repatriates. However, challenges such as uneven
resettlement and difficulties with employment remain relevant and require further improvement of
migration policy.